<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">液体火箭发动机通过将液体推进剂化学能转化为动能，作用在发动机上产生推力，是大型运载器的助推级、一级、二级、上面级及各类空间飞行器常用的动力装置。近年来，随着航天技术的发展，空间探索与空间战略资源竞争更加激烈，2022年全球航天发射次数创新高。值得注意的是，仅美国太空探索技术<span class=\"text-remarks\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(153, 153, 153) !important;\">（SpaceX）公司就执行了61次发射，发射次数接近我国火箭发射总次数，“灰背隼”<span class=\"text-remarks\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(153, 153, 153) !important;\">（Merlin）系列发动机再次受到关注；同时，国际航天界也迎来了深空探测成果井喷期，大范围变推力发动机技术作为探测器月面软着陆主要技术支撑，引发了新一轮变推力液体火箭发动机技术研究热潮。<p class=\"img-center-box\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); text-align: center; font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p class=\"text-big-title\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal; font-size: 20px !important;\">一、变推力发动机工作原理、类型及研究进展<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p class=\"text-normal\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;\">变推力液体火箭发动机的主要特点是可在较大范围内进行推力调节，得益于该特点，变推力液体火箭发动机能够提升航天器轨道机动能力，并使航天器具备平稳软着陆能力。软着陆又分为地面可重复软着陆<span class=\"text-remarks\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(153, 153, 153) !important;\">（如垂直起降运载火箭的着陆方式）和地外天体一次性软着陆，地面可重复软着陆航天器使用的发动机为大推力变推力发动机，地外天体一次性软着陆航天器使用的是下降级变推力发动机。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p class=\"text-sm-title\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal; font-size: 18px !important;\">（一）变推力发动机工作原理<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">变推力发动机按照循环方式不同，可分为<span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;\">挤压式液体火箭变推力发动机和泵压式循环液体火箭变推力发动机。对于所有变推力液体火箭发动机，实现变推力的原理都是基于液体火箭发动机推力公式演变而来，该公式中影响推力的因素主要包括推进剂质量流量、燃气喷射速度和喷管出口面积，其中，推进剂质量流量与速度的乘积<span class=\"text-remarks\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(153, 153, 153) !important;\">（即动量）对推力的影响占比在90%以上，而且燃气喷射速度调整难度很大，因此改变推力最有效、最普遍的方法就是调节推进剂质量流量。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">挤压式液体火箭发动机的推进剂在喷注时通常为液体流动状态，在液态推进剂质量流量大幅度调节过程中，喷嘴的喷注压降与流量存在平方关系。假设流量降低到1/10，压降将降低到1/100，而喷注压降过低时，就会诱发低频不稳定燃烧。因此，要想使变推力下降到1/3以上，并维持必要的喷注压降，在流量调节的同时，还需要对节流面积进行同步调节，以控制变推力过程中的喷注压降变化范围。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;\">在气体流动状态下，气体喷嘴的喷注压降与质量流量呈正比例关系，当流量降低到1/10时，压降也降低到1/10，因此固定喷注面积的气体喷嘴变推力适应范围要大于液体喷嘴。但如果要使变推力下降到1/10或更低，在气体喷嘴流量调节的同时，也需要对节流面积进行同步调节，控制气体喷嘴的喷注压降变化范围。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">对于泵压式液体火箭发动机，在流量和压力平衡基础上，还需要考虑功率平衡，即涡轮驱动功率等于它所驱动的各泵功率与其他辅助装置功率之和。因此，泵压式液体火箭发动机还可以通过调节涡轮功率实现变推力调节。其中，功率调节主要通过调节燃气温度、燃气流量、涡轮压比来实现。目前，泵压式变推力发动机主要采用调节系统压降、喷注面积、燃气温度、驱动涡轮的燃气流量等方式实现发动机的推力调节控制。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p class=\"text-sm-title\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal; font-size: 18px !important;\">（二）挤压式变推力发动机研究进展<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;\">1. 双组元变推力<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">挤压式变推力液体火箭发动机按组元类型通常分为双组元变推力发动机和单组元变推力发动机。双组元变推力发动机常采用的变推力方案有单调、双调及流量定位喷注。其中，单调系统通过改变喷注面积实现；双调系统相对于单调系统，增加了可调节流圈或可调汽蚀管来调节流量，通过调节喷注面积来保证喷注压降；流量定位喷注与双调系统相似，都是增加可调汽蚀管来调节推进剂流量，但与双调系统不同的是，流量定位喷注的喷注面积是被动调节的，在推进剂流量调节之后，随着喷前压力的变化而自动改变，进而维持设计的喷注压降。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">20世纪70年代，我国就开始对不同变推力方案进行研究，取得了丰硕的研究成果。进入21世纪之后，在软着陆任务需求的牵引下，西安航天动力研究所先后成功研制了低室压和中室压7500N挤压式双组元变推力发动机，两型发动机系统方案相似，如图1所示，发动机均采用双组元推进剂，采用流量定位喷注实现推力调节，推力变比均为5:1，是大范围变推力液体火箭发动机。两型发动机已成功助力月球着陆器和火星着陆器实现了软着陆。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p class=\"img-center-box\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); text-align: center; font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p class=\"text-img-note\" style=\"margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; line-height: 20px; text-align: center; font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(153, 153, 153) !important;\">图1 挤压式变推力发动机系统示意图<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">美国“阿波罗”登月舱LMDE发动机也是典型的挤压式双组元变推力发动机，该发动机于1969年7月成功助力美国实现了人类首次登月，其发动机采用可调汽蚀管与可变面积针栓喷注器的双调方案实现了推力大范围调节，推力变比为10:1，定混合比1.6，LMDE发动机系统如图2所示。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p class=\"img-center-box\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); text-align: center; font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p class=\"text-img-note\" style=\"margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; line-height: 20px; text-align: center; font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(153, 153, 153) !important;\">图2 LMDE变推力发动机系统结构图<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">除了应用于软着陆之外，双组元变推力发动机还可应用于飞行器，使空间飞行器实现加速度变化、轨道调整，从而提高飞行器的姿态灵活性。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">20世纪80年代，以TRW公司为代表的研究机构研发了多型具备栓式喷注器小型化和快速响应特点的双组元变推力发动机。其中，用于“哨兵”计划的俯仰偏航发动机是典型的具备面关机功能的轨姿控栓式发动机，该发动机具有高压、可调和快速响应的特性，推力变比可达19:1，工作室压15.16MPa。针对轨道机动飞行器，研制团队研制了推力变比达10:1的OMV-VET样机。“长矛”导弹也是得益于其拥有世界上推力变比最大的发动机，轨道机动灵活，抵抗摧毁和有效打击能力大幅提升，其发动机推力变比可达300:1。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;\">21世纪初，美国开始研制行星着陆器的变推力发动机，其代表是“梦神”主发动机。“梦神”变推力发动机采用挤压式供应系统，通过节流阀实现变推力，推力变比4:1，目前在解决高频震荡和低频燃烧震荡问题方面取得了成功。<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;\">2. 单组元变推力<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">
<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(39, 40, 45); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.7px; white-space: normal;\">对于单组元变推力发动机而言，实现推力调节的方式较为单一，通过使用节流装置改变单组元推进剂的流量，从而实现推力调节。较为典型的是MR-80和MR-80B 发动机，这两型发动机是美国为火星登陆设计的单组元变推力发动机，采用无水肼推进系统。MR-80 单组元发动机结构图如图3所示，该发动机推力调节范围为275~2835N，推力变比为10:1，其推力调节主要通过作动机构移动针栓改变Montek节流阀流通面积，进而改变推进剂的流量来实现。
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